Dr. A. K. Singal

Dr. A. K. Singal

D.N.B.(Paediatric Surgery), M.Ch.(Paediatric Surgery), M.B.B.S

Dr A.K.Singal, is working as a Consultant Pediatric Surgeon & Pediatric Urologist. Dr Singal did his MBBS from Delhi University and subsequently received his Pediatric Surgery training at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. He received the Gold Medal for the year 2004. Dr Singal also presented his Urology research work at Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons annual meeting in 2004 and won the ??est Research paper??award. Subsequently, Dr Singal won International Scholarship for Pediatric Urology training at Columbus Children?? Hospital, Ohio State University, USA. There Dr Singal worked under the guidance of Dr Steven Koff and Dr V. R. Jayanthi who are world renowned in the field of Pediatric Urology. Dr Singal was recently conferred Visiting Professor status at University of Minnesota by Division of Pediatric Urology under Dr Aseem Shukla.

Dr Singal has published more than 30 international papers and book chapters and has presented his work and studies at American Academy, British Association and also Asian Congress.

At present, Dr Singal is involved in creating awareness regarding Pediatric Urology & Pediatric Laparoscopy as a Specialty and also about common disorders. He contends that Healthy Children lead to a healthy future.

Dr Malladi completed a Basic-One-year laparoscopy training in Mumbai at Shrikhande Clinic, under one of the pioneers, Dr. Anand G. Nande. Next, Dr Malladi was selected for a two-year fellowship at GEM hospital, Coimbatore, under the guidance of, Dr C Palanivelu a world renowned laparoscopic surgeon.

In the past 3 years that Dr Singal has been in Navi Mumbai and Mumbai, he has offered Laparoscopic Surgery and Endourological surgical expertise to the young kids. Dr Singal has experience in Endoscopic injections for vesico-ureteral reflux disease and Laparoscopic surgery for undescended testis, hernia and other urological conditions in children. Laparoscopic surgery helps in faster recovery and less pain.

He also takes a great interest in Antenatally Diagnosed Kidney abnormalities and does counseling for the prospective parents. With the advances in technology, most of the kidney structural abnormalities like obstruction, hydronephrosis, reflux, absent kidney, double kidney can be picked up on Antenatal USG. This has important repercussions for the developing baby as well as the parents. Parents need to be properly counseled regarding the outcome and things required after birth. Most of these problems are easily treatable after birth.

He also takes in a keen interest in Reconstructive Surgery for the children born with abnormal looking penis (Hypospadias, Epispadias) and genitalia. He has developed a new non-surgical treatment algorithm for patients having tight foreskin- phimosis. More than 80% success rates have been achieved and a lot of unnecessary circumcisions have been avoided.

The common problems which Dr Singal has seen in Navi Mumbai in past few months are Undescended testis, Hernias, Hypospadias, Appendicitis, Urinary Infections, Phimosis- tight foreskin, Urinary Obstruction, Urinary Reflux, Kidney and Penile Injuries, Bedwetting, Daytime Urine Leakage and Antenatally Diagnosed Kidney Problems.

DR. ARBINDER SINGAL

Profile :


 12 years of experience in Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology.
 Strong academic background and experience in audit and research
 Publications and presentations at International forums
 Caring professional with sound work ethics

Mridula Rohtagi Gold medal for Paediatric Surgery for the year 2003.
U.C.Chakravorty award for Best Research Paper, 30th Annual Conference of Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons at Jabalpur, India, October 2004
Passed with honours (>75%) in Anatomy and Physiology
Gold Medal in Physiology.
Gold Medal in Otolaryngology.
Best Poster Prize at SIOP-Asia conference in 2002.

Qualification :

Stecker Fellowship--Columbus Children Hospital
Pediatric Urology Ohio State University Medical Center
2005-2006  Columbus, Ohio

D.N.B. in Paediatric Surgery

National Board of Examinations

April, 2005

New Delhi, India.


M.Ch in Paediatric Surgery

All India Institute of Medical Sciences

December 2003

New Delhi, India.

MBBS

Maulana Azad Medical College

Dec - 1998

New Delhi, India.

 Merits/ Distinction :

 Mridula Rohtagi Gold medal for Paediatric Surgery for the year 2003.
 U.C.Chakravorty award for Best Research Paper, 30th Annual Conference of? Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons at Jabalpur, India, October 2004
Passed with honours (>75%) in Anatomy and Physiology
Gold Medal in Physiology.
Gold Medal in Otolaryngology. Best Poster Prize at SIOP-Asia conference in 2002.

Summary of Clinical Experiance:

Visiting Professor at Department of Pediatric Urology, University of Minnesota Children?? Hospital- Worked in Simulation labs for Robotic surgeries and participated in academic activities in Urology Division.

International visitor at Harvard Medical School & Boston Children?? Hospital, MA, USA: I visited Department of Pediatric Urology at Boston Children?? Hospital, Massachusetts, USA. This is the biggest Pediatric Urology division in USA and has been the pioneer in Robotic Surgeries in children. I did a study project on rodynamic patterns in Sacral Agenesis and also Robotic Surgery training. In addition I delivered a guest lecture on Pediatric Urology- An Indian Scenario in Boston Children Hospital.

 Stecker International Scholarship
 I was selected to receive the Stecker International Scholarship in 2005 in Pediatric Urology. I worked as an International Scholar in Columbus Children Hospital under guidance of Prof Steven Koff and Dr V.R.Jayanthi. I gained a lot of experience in Reconstructive Genitourinary Surgery, single stage Hypospadias repairs, Pediatric Endourology, Laparoscopic urological surgeries and counseling/management of Antenatally Diagnosed renal anomalies.

PSG Medical College- Worked as an Assistant Professor and In-charge of Department of Pediatric Surgery at PSG Medical College at Coimbatore, Tamilnadu between Jan 2005- Sep 2006. This is a superspeciality tertiary level hospital with a capacity of 810 beds. Each year 100 students are admitted for MBBS course through state level entrance examination and postgraduate courses are also available in various departments

All India Institute of Medical Sciences at New Delhi is the premier medical institute of India, which caters to North India. Pediatric Surgery Department comprises of 6 consultants, 6 registrars and 3 junior residents. There is a separate ward with 34 inpatients, which includes 8 beds in high dependency unit. There are 9 additional beds in a Neonatal Surgical ICU, which have facility for neonatal ventilation and intensive post-operative care.

The workload includes Pediatric Urology (50% of total workload), Oncosurgery, Neurosurgery (spina bifida and hydrocephalus) General Surgery, Neonatal Surgery and Trauma services. Additionally there was training in Adult General Surgery for 9 months, Orthopedic Surgery for 2 months and Neurosurgery for 1 month.

Intensive care experience- Well versed in neonatal ventilation, percutaneous central line insertion, and post-operative management.

 Endeavours to Promote Pediatric Urology as a separate Specialty
nternational Live Operative Workshop on Pediatric Urology??at MGM Hospital, Vashi in Jan 2008 - The operative proceedings were headed by Dr Jayanthi and Dr Aseem Shukla. Dr Singal was the organising secretary for this workshop. There were 110 registered delegates including Pediatric Surgeons, Urologists and General Surgeons. We could demonstrate 10 surgeries over the course of two days ??6 hypospadias repairs (various types from scrotal to distal penile), I epispadias repair, one laparoscopic bilateral orchiopexy, one Laparoscopic and one Retroperitoneoscopic Pyeloplasty.
 CME on Pediatric Urology under aegis of Navi Mumbai Surgical Society and IAP Navi Mumbai Branch on August 2, 2006. The program was as under:
 Dr A.K.Singal - Introduction of the concept of Pediatric Urology as a separate specialty and an Update on management of Pediatric Urological Disorders along with Antenatally Diagnosed Hydronephrosis.

 Dr V.R.Jayanthi Pediatric Urologist from Ohio State University, USA delivered two lectures- on Pediatric Urinary Tract infections and VUR and second one about Laparoscopy in Pediatric Urology.
The meeting was attended by over 100 delegates and the audience consisted of Pediatricians, General Surgeons, Urologists and Pediatric Surgeons mainly from Navi Mumbai but some also from Mumbai. It was well covered and reported in DNA Navi Mumbai newspaper.
Hypospadias foundation: Was setup in Nov 2008 to support children born with hypospadias- visit www.hypospadiasfoundation.com
 Pediatric Kidney Stone Clinic: Children with kidney stones need special management from two way focus ??managing the already formed stones and investigating the cause of stones to institute proper preventive management to prevent further formation of stones. Comprehensive Endourologic management of children with stones including Ureterorenoscopic surgeries (URS), Percutaneous Nephrolithtomy (PCNL). Holmium Laser Surgeries and Extracorporeal Lithotripsy (ESWL) are provided. Dr Pankaj Deshpande, our colleague and a Pediatric Nephrologist does the metabolic evaluation of these children to find out the cause and initiate preventive measures to prevent recurrence of stones.
 Antenatal Diagnosis Services: Pregnant mothers with Antenatally diagnosed kidney abnormalities need counselling to understand these disorders better.
 Laparoscopic Urology services: Key hole surgery centre at MITR healthcare & at MGM Hospital, Vashi for problems such as reflux, urinary obstruction and stones

 Publications :
Pediatric Urology Publications:
 Bajpai M, Kumar A, Gupta AK, Pawar DK.? Lumbotomy approach for upper urological tract surgery in children--an analysis of 68 consecutive lumbotomies. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Jun; 14(3):163-7.
Bajpai M, Kumar A, Tripathi M, Bal CS.? Dorsal lumbotomy incision in paediatric pyeloplasty.? ANZ J Surg. 2004 Jun;74(6):491-4.
 Hari S, Sharma R, Gupta AK, Das C, Singal AK. Magnetic resonance imaging of parapagus twins, Eur J Radiol Extra 2004; 51: 25-29.
ingal AK, Bajpai M, Dinda A. Blockade of Renin Angiotensin system blunts fibrosis in experimental renal scarring in rats. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2005; 10: 20-24.
 Singal AK, Jindal B, Bhatnagar V. Penetrating diaphragmatic injury caused by a pencil. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2005; 10(2): 112-113.
 Singal AK, Agarwala S. Tumour markers in Pediatric Solid Tumours. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2005; 10 (3):183-190.
 Singal AK, Bajpai M. Double Urethral Obstruction In A Neonate. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2005; 15 (6): 449-51.
 Singhal AK, Agarwal GS, Sharma S, Gupta AK, Gupta DK. Parapagus Conjoined Twins ??Complicated Anatomy Precludes Separation. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2006; 11 (3): 145-147.
 Singal AK, Vignesh KG, Paul S, Matthai J.? Antenatally diagnosed ovarian cyst with torsion managed laparoscopically. Journal Ind Assoc Pediatr Sur 2008; 13: 27-28.
 Ravikumar VR, Singal AK. Undescended testis in spigelian hernia. Journal Ind Assoc Pediatr Surg 2007; 12: 233-234.
Gitanjali P, Kadam NN, Bhusare DB,? Singal AK. Late Presenting Right Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Journal Ind Assoc Pediatr Surg 2007; 12: 104-105.
 Singal AK, Chandrasekharam VVSS. Lower Urinary tract obstruction secondary to congenital bladder diverticula in infants. Pediatr Surg Int.2009 25 (12): 1117-1121
 Singal AK, Srinath M, Jain V, Dubey M. Medical Management of symptomatic phimosis in a community setting. Submitted to Eur Journal of Ped Surg. Singal AK, Canon SJ, Koff SA, Jayanthi VR.
Success does not equal cure of vesicoureteral reflux managed by injection therapy - what factors may lead to failure or recurrence. Submitted in Journal of Pediatric Urology.
 Pediatric General Surgery Publications:
 Maini A, Patel C, Agarwala S, Kumar A, Dasan B. Pediatric Duodenal Perforation Demonstrated By Hepatobiliary Imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25: 41-43.
 Singal AK, Bhatnagar V. Esophageal Rupture Secondary To Blunt Trauma In A Child. Trop Gastroenterol 2004; 25: 42-43.
 Singal AK, Bhatnagar V, Mitra DK, Gupta AK. Esophageal Duplication Cyst Causing Neonatal Hemoptysis. Trop Gastroenterol 2004; 25: 99-100.
 Singal AK, Agarwala S, SAS Rifat Mannan, Gupta AK, Bhan MK, Mitra DK. Diffuse intra-abdominal fibromatosis ??eport of a new entity with review of literature. Trop Gastroenterol 2004; 25: 28-31.
 Singal AK, Bal CS, Srinivas M, Bhatnagar V. Bleeding ileal duplication diagnosed by pertechnetate scan. Ind J Gastroenterol. 2004; 23: 196.
 Singal AK, Agarwala S, Seth T, Gupta AK, Mitra DK. Intralobar sequestration presenting as an antenatally diagnosed suprarenal mass. Ind J Pediatr 2004; 71(12): 1137-1139.
 Kumar R, Tripathi M, Chandrashekar N, Agarwala S, Kumar A, Dasan JB, Malhotra A. Diagnosis of ectopic gastric mucosa using 99Tcm-pertechnetate: spectrum of scintigraphic findings. Br J Radiol. 2005 Aug; 78(932):714-20.
 Singal AK, Bhatnagar V. Colostomy prolapse and hernia following window colostomy in congenital pouch colon. Pediatr Surg Int 2006 May; 22(5):459-61. Epub 2006 Mar 8.
Singal AK, Agarwala S, Mitra DK, Bhatnagar V. Urethral duplication in association with anorectal malformation. Eur J Pediatr Surg2006; 16: 214-216.
 Singal AK, Ravi Kumar VR, Rao M, Matthai J. Bilateral Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations in a child. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2006 Jul; 82(1):330-2.
 Singal AK, Vignesh KG, Matthai J. Acute Gastric Volvulus Secondary to Eventration of the Diaphragm In A Child. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2006 Jan-Mar 11: 44-46.
Singal AK, Srinivas M, Bhatnagar V. Diaphragmatic Eventration in association with bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. J Pediatr Surg 2006 Jul; 41(7):1329-31.
 Jothilakshmi V, John Matthai, Sarah Paul , A.K . Singal. Symptomatic hepatic haemangioendothelioma in a newborn. Indian Pediatr 2006; 43: 908-10.
 Singal AK, Balamourougane P, Bhatnagar V. Primary closure of thoraco-abdominal ectopia cordis. J Ind Assoc Pediatr Surg 2006; 4 (11): 250-252.
 Jain V, Singal AK, Gupta A, Bhatnagar V. Transmural intrathoracic lipoma with intraspinal extension. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2007; 42: 2120-2122.
 Singal AK, Ramu C, Thinakar Vel M, Ravi Kumar VR. Atypical Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in a Child with Marfan?? Syndrome. Submitted to Pediatr Surg Int.
 Singal AK, Ramu C, Paul S, Matthai J. Preduodenal Portal Vein In Association With Midgut Malrotation And Duodenal Web ??Triple Anomaly?? J Pediatr Surg. 2009; 44(2): e5-7.
 Singal AK, Patel R, Jain S, Gavhane J, Kadam N. Laparoscopic management of neonatal gastric volvulus: a case report and review of literature. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2009; 19 (3):191-3. Epub 2009 Apr 9.

Research :
 The impact of blockade of Renin-Angiotensin System in experimental renal scarring in rats ??a morphometric analysis- done at AIIMS as Experimental Thesis for M.Ch. Published as award paper in Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons.
 A study on the correlation of prognostic criteria for renal damage in primary vesicoureteral reflux and their impact on somatic growth- done at AIIMS as Clinical Thesis for M.Ch.
rodynamic patterns in Sacral Agenesis and long term follow-up- done under guidance of Dr Stuart Bauer, Pediatric Urology Division at Boston Children?? Hospital, USA.

 Clinical Reaserch Projects (underway) :

 Endocrinological abnormalities in children with hypospadias- Thesis topic for Dr Yogesh Patil, Postgraduate student at MGM Medical College. Co-guide for thesis- Dr Prisca Colaco, Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinologist.
 Nonsurgical management of symptomatic phimosis in children with local steroid application.

Prospective evaluation of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis.
Single stage outpatient surgical approach for severe Hypospadias.
 Primary Endoscopic ablation in neonates with posterior urethral valves

Presentations:
International :
First World Congress of Pediatric Urology & American Urology Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, USA- May 27- June2, 2010.
 Giant Bladder Diverticulum as a cause of urinary retention in infants: Elucidation of mechanism and treatment strategy.
 The Impact Of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade In Experimental Renal Scarring In Rats
Pediatric Urology- An Indian Scenario?? May 2008, At Urology Grand Rounds, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children?? Hospital, Boston, USA.
 20th International Congress of Asian Association of Pediatric Surgeons held at New Delhi, 12-15 Nov, 2006.
 Factors influencing outcome of Injection therapy for Vesico-ureteric reflux
 Vesicoscopic Ureteric re-implantation- Minimally Invasive surgery fro VUR.
 Columbus Children?? Hospital, Ohio, USA on 23 Dec, 2005.
??????????? Health System- An Indian Perspective?? lecture for the faculty and students.
??????? 51st Annual Congress of the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons, July 2004 at Oxford, England.
??????????? The Impact Of Blockade Of Renin-Angiotensin System In Experimental Renal Scarring In Rats ??presented in Peter Paul Rickham Memorial prize session.
??????????? Porto systemic Shunting in Children with Extra hepatic Portal Venous Obstruction.
??????? 2nd International Society of Pediatric Oncology -ASIA conference and 6th National Conference of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Parents meeting, held at New Delhi, India, Nov 2002.
??????????? Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma - Initial Results of Pulse??AC Therapy.
??????????? Clear cell sarcomas of the kidney in children
??????????? Malignant germ cell tumours in children
??? National :
??????? MASICON 2009 - Annual Conference of the Maharashtra State Surgeons Association at MGM Medical college Aurangabad.
 Hypospadias- The Current Scenario
 MCIAPSCON 2009 - Annual Conference of the Maharashtra Chapter of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons at Solapur.
 30 months review of the Hypospadias protocol.
Urodynamic assessment and long-term outcome of patients with sacral agenesis
 MCIAPSCON 2008 - Annual Conference of the Maharashtra Chapter of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons at Pune.
 Lower urinary tract obstruction secondary to bladder diverticula in infants.
PEDICON-2007?? 44th National Conference of Indian Academy of Pediatrics held at Mumbai.
 The impact of blockade of Renin Angiotensin System in experimental pyelonephritis in rats.
 Factors influencing outcome of Vesicoureteral reflux measured by Endoscopic injection therapy
30th Annual Conference of the Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons at Jabalpur, India, October 2004
 Blockade Of Rennin-Angiotensin System Blunts The Fibrotic Response In Experimental Acute Pyelonephritis-
Primary Repair of Bladder Exstrophy Without Pelvic Osteotomy -Results in 86 Consecutive Patients
 Results of treatment of Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma with high dose cyclophosphamide based regime and bone marrow rescue with GCSF
 Colostomy prolapse and hernia following window colostomy in congenital pouch colon.
 Primary closure in thoraco-abdominal ectopia cordis
 Comparative evaluation of imaging techniques in infantile cholestasis
29th Annual Conference of Indian Association Of Paediatric Surgeons at Hyderabad, India, November, 2003
 Unusual Cause Of Urinary Retention In An Infant
 Diffuse Intra-Abdominal Fibromatosis ?? New Entity?
 Esophageal Tear Secondary To Blunt Trauma In A Child
 Issues In The Management Of Unusual Parapagus Conjoined Twins
 Penetrating Diaphragmatic Injury Due To Pencil Impalement
 28th Annual Conference of Indian Association Of Paediatric Surgeons (IAPS) at Ahmedabad, India. October 2002
 Role Of Doppler Ultrasonography In Evaluation Of Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction
 The Role of DMSA Scan In Evaluation Of Urinary Tract Infection.
 Urethral Duplication In Association With Anorectal Malformation
 The Use Of Free Rib Grafts In Reconstructive Surgery For Chest Wall Defects.
 Gentian Violet Impregnated Silastic CSF Shunts Reduce The Incidence Of Shunt Infections.
 Functional Reconstruction Of The Ankylosed Temporomandibular Joint
 Assessment of Pulmonary Function In Patients With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.
 Esophageal Duplication Cyst Presenting With Hemoptysis- A Diagnostic Dilemma.
 At All India Institute of Medical Sciences ?
 Clinical Combined round ??Diffuse intra-abdominal fibromatosis, May 2003
 Clinical Combined round ??Unusual cause of neonatal hemoptysis, Sep 2003
 Clinical Combined round ??Relapsed Wilms??tumour, Jan 2004
 At PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
 Clinical Meeting ??Bilateral Communicating Sequestrations in a child, March 2005.
 Clinical Meeting ??Neonatal Ovarian Cyst ??Laparoscopic Management, July 2005.
 Clinical Meeting- Acute gastric Volvulus in a child ??August 2005.
Clinical Meeting ??Preduodenal Portal vein in association with duodenal web and malrotation ??August 2005.
 Clinical meeting- Acute gastric volvulus secondary to diaphragmatic eventration in a child - August 2005
 Recent Advances in Pediatric Surgery ??Guest Speaker at Scientific Symposium Organised by Nestle Foundation at Tiruppur, Tamilnadu, June 2005.
 Part of the organizing team in following conferences at AIIMS
 International Workshop on Hypospadias and Intersex in Jan 1999.
 Live Workshop on Neurogenic Bladder and 1st Conference of Hypospadias and Intersex disorders, Sep 1-3, 2001.
 3rd World Congress on Pediatric Esophagus Feb 2002.
 International Workshop-Cum-Symposium on Paediatric Urology & Asian society for Paediatric Urology and Indian Society for Paediatric Urology Jan 29-30, 2003.
 International Live Workshop-cum-Symposium on Paediatric Urology & Asian society for Paediatric Urology and Indian Society for Paediatric Urology, Nov 2004

 Professional Membership :

 Medical Council of India ??Reg.no.- 18222
 Maharashtra Medical Council- Reg. no.2006/03/1839
 Delhi Medical Council ??Reg.no.- 7690
American Urology Association- 00781494
 Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons ??Membership no. 678
 Indian Academy of Pediatrics
 Asian and Indian Society for Paediatric Urology

Teaching Experiance :

 2006- Present: Associate Professor of Pediatric Surgery at MGM University of Medical Sciences, Navi Mumbai.
 2009- to present :Involved in setting up of Pediatric Urology training program at MGM University of Medical Sciences.
 2005- Faculty at : PSG Medical College, Coimbatore between Jan 2005- Aug 2005. Organised and took classes for postgraduates in Pediatrics and undergraduates.
1999-2004- Actively involved in teaching of undergraduate medical students, junior residents and nursing staff in All India Institute of Medical Sciences during M.Ch training.

 

List of Surgeries for Dr Singal
? ?? ?

??? Single Stage urethroplasty- Hypospadias repair
??? Orchiopexy- Surgery for undescended testis both Laparoscopic and Open technique
??? Cystoscopy
??? Ureterorenoscopy
??? PCNL
??? PCCL
??? Retrograde pyelography
??? Lithotripsy
??? Pyeloplasty- both laparoscopic and open
??? Ureteric re-implantation for Vesico-ureteric reflux
??? Endoscopic Deflux injections for Vesico-ureteric reflux
??? Epispadias repair
??? Genitoplasty for Intersex disorders/Disorders of sexual differentiation
??? Herniotomy- hernia repair in children
??? Pedaitric Laparoscopic Surgeries- appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, ovarian cyst etc
??? Posterior urethral valve ablation
??? DVIU for urethral stricture
??? Meatoplasty
??? Circumcision
??? Bladder augmentation
??? Mitrafanoff procedure
??? ACE procedure
??? Bladder neck reconstruction and bladder neck sling

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